back to top


After a routine Supreme Court argument on Wednesday, Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. asked the lawyer who had represented the government to return to the lectern.

“You have just presented your 160th argument before this court, and I understand it is intended to be your last,” the chief justice told the lawyer, Edwin S. Kneedler, who is retiring as a deputy solicitor general. “That is the record for modern times.”

Chief Justice Roberts talked a little more, with affection and high praise, thanking Mr. Kneedler for his “extraordinary care and professionalism.”

Then something remarkable happened. Applause burst out in the courtroom, and that led to a standing ovation for Mr. Kneedler, with the justices joining, too.

“It was a rare moment of unanimity and spontaneous joy from all nine justices on the bench,” said Richard Lazarus, a law professor at Harvard. “They were all beaming.”

Kannon Shanmugam, a veteran Supreme Court lawyer, said it was “one of the most electric moments I’ve ever seen in the courtroom.”

The tribute to Mr. Kneedler’s candor and integrity came against the backdrop of a different kind of courtroom behavior. In the early months of the second Trump administration, its lawyers have been accused of gamesmanship, dishonesty and defiance, and have been fired for providing frank answers to judges.

Mr. Kneedler presented a different model, former colleagues said.

“Ed is the embodiment of the government lawyer ideal — one whose duty of candor to the court and interest in doing justice, not just winning a case, always carried the day,” said Gregory G. Garre, who served as solicitor general under President George W. Bush.

Mr. Shanmugam said Mr. Kneedler’s loyalty was to the rule of law. “He would much rather get the law right at the risk of losing,” Mr. Shanmugam said, “than win at the cost of misrepresenting the law.”

Seth P. Waxman, who was solicitor general in the Clinton administration, said Mr. Kneedler was the opposite of a partisan.

“In all the years that I worked with Ed in the Justice Department, I did not know his politics,” Mr. Waxman said.

Mr. Kneedler joined the Office of the Solicitor General, the elite unit of the Justice Department that represents the federal government in the Supreme Court, in 1979, served in many administrations and helped tutor the solicitors general who came and went.

“I was incredibly lucky to have Ed as a deputy when I was S.G.,” Justice Elena Kagan, who served as solicitor general in the Obama administration, said in a statement. “There’s pretty much no legal question he can’t answer. And he has a bone-deep understanding of the traditions and ethos of the S.G.’s office.”

She added: “I learned from him every day, and I did my job far better because he was there. In all the time I’ve spent in government, I’ve never known a finer public servant.”

That was something like a consensus view among former solicitors general. Mr. Waxman, for instance, called Mr. Kneedler “a national treasure.”

Noel J. Francisco, the solicitor general in the first Trump administration, said that Mr. Kneedler was “not just a font of knowledge, but of wisdom.”

Elizabeth B. Prelogar, the solicitor general in the Biden administration, said that “Ed Kneedler represents the very best of what it means to be a lawyer for the United States.”

Mr. Kneedler’s retirement is part of a wave of departures from the solicitor general’s office, which is quite small. After the solicitor general and a handful of deputies, there are just 16 line lawyers. About half of them are leaving, The Washington Post reported this month.

Mr. Kneedler, 79, did not respond to requests for an interview. When he received an award this month from the University of Virginia’s law school, his alma mater, he said he was “a career civil servant, not in the press if I can avoid it.”

At the ceremony, Mr. Kneedler gave extended remarks, making points that in another era might have seemed unremarkable. These days, they verged on provocative.

Calling himself a “citizen lawyer,” he praised the many federal employees he had worked with, saying he had been impressed by their “compassion and understanding for our country, and dedication to our country.”

He said his office analyzed legal issues with rigor and care, at least in cases on the court’s regular docket. Since Mr. Trump took office in January, the government has filed a torrent of emergency applications on what critics call the court’s shadow docket.

“When we don’t have emergencies like we have a number of now,” Mr. Kneedler said, “we have a very structured decision-making process.”

Leslie Kendrick, the Virginia law school’s dean, asked Mr. Kneedler a few questions, one of which was premised on his office’s “commitment to providing nonpartisan representation for the United States, regardless of cause, regardless of the political leadership of the other two branches.”

Mr. Kneedler did not quite adopt the premise. “We are lawyers for the United States,” he said, “and the administration in office is the ultimate determiner of what the interests of the United States are.”

But he ended his remarks on a hopeful note. “We’re all part of a process that is leading us to a more perfect union,” he said, “which means a union in which we are coming together, not apart.”

Before the standing ovation at the Supreme Court on Wednesday, Chief Justice Roberts, himself a veteran of the solicitor general’s office, added what he called a personal note as he spoke to Mr. Kneedler.

“I recall that on two occasions you and I argued on the same side here, me representing a private client and you the United States,” the chief justice said. “We lost each of those cases. I’m sure it was my fault. Mr. Kneedler, thank you for your outstanding service to court and country.”

Revealed: What your favourite pizza toppings say about you, according to science – and it’s bad news for people who love pineapple

Share post:


From olives to ham, to egg and the controversial pineapple, there’s never a shortage of toppings to choose from when we order a pizza.  

What exactly you opt for might feel like a spur-of-the-moment decision – but it may reveal unexpected traits about your personality. 

A scientist has revealed what your favourite pizza toppings say about you – and it’s bad news for people who go for pineapple. 

Dr Alan Hirsch, director of the Smell & Taste Treatment and Research Foundation in Chicago, says food preferences reveal a lot about personality type.

And when in a social situation, such as a date, we can size up another person based on their pizza toppings.

‘Often when you order pizza, you choose the same one over and over again,’ Dr Hirsch told the Daily Mail.  

‘You’re choosing to eat pizza not for its nutritional value, but based on what your personality is like.

‘If you go on a date with someone, you can see what pizza they order to work out their personality, and help you decide if you want to go on another date.’  

Revealed: What your favourite pizza toppings say about you, according to science – and it’s bad news for people who love pineapple

Dr Hirsch’s experiments recruited 1,000 American adults who completed personality tests while noting their pizza-eating habits, including preferred toppings. 

And the results revealed some intriguing findings that may dictate the ways in which people interact with each other. 

Those who prefer a traditional single meat on pizza – such as pepperoni or ham – tend to be irritable and argumentative, resentful of other people and with a tendency to procrastinate, it found. 

Meanwhile, people who go mad with a meat feast – typically featuring many different meat options – are dramatic, seductive extroverts who love being centre of attention.

On the other hand, those opting for vegetables on pizza are empathetic, easygoing, understanding, and well-adjusted, making them ‘universal romantics’ and ideal parents.

Diners who have a penchant for spicy options such as jalapeño chillis tend to be a ‘risk-takers’ who like the associated adrenaline rush that comes with it. 

Meanwhile, those people who opt for a lot of nutritional protein – such as chicken and seafood – are often more sociable or outgoing. 

But those who order non-traditional toppings such as pineapple and onion tend to be aggressive and achievement-oriented, not willing to suffer fools gladly.   

Those who prefer a traditional single meat on pizza – such as pepperoni or ham – tend to be irritable and argumentative, resentful of other people and with a tendency to procrastinate

Those who prefer traditional vegetables toppings are empathetic, understanding, well adjusted and easy going, according to the study

What is the best ratio for pizza toppings? 

A mathematician claims to have the first formula for the ‘perfectly proportioned’ pizza.

Dr Eugenia Cheng from the University of Sheffield said pizza lovers get more topping per bite in a smaller pizza, but a more even spread in a larger pizza.

In relative terms, the average bite taken from an 11 inch pizza has 10 per cent more topping than the average bite from a 14 inch pizza. 

She used ‘d’ as the constant volume of dough and ‘t’ for the constant volume of topping to come up with the mathematical formula for the ratio of topping to base in a median bite.  

Dr Hirsch stressed that his study found a correlation rather than causation between personality and chosen pizza toppings. 

In other words, it’s unknown if personality causes us to choose certain pizza toppings (or in fact if our choice of pizza toppings affects our personality). 

A spokesperson for British pizza chain Fireaway said pepperoni fans ‘always bring the energy at parties’, while chili fans ‘thrive in emotional thunderstorms’. 

Meanwhile, mushroom lovers are ‘complex’ and ‘earthy’, but those who choose pineapple are ‘agents of chaos’ who ‘flirt with danger’, they told the Daily Mail. 

And those who go for olives, either green or black, have a ‘Marmite personality’ that others either ‘adore or absolutely cannot stand’. 

Fireaway’s data across more than 160 of its stores and delivery platforms over the last six months reveal the top 10 toppings picked by customers. 

They are pepperoni, chicken, jalapeño chilli, red onion, mushrooms, vegan cheese, pineapple, sweetcorn, beef meatballs and olives. 

According to 2017 research by YouGov, mushroom is the UK’s most-liked pizza topping – beating several classic meaty elements. 

Diners who have a penchant for spicy options such as jalapeño chillis tend to be a ‘risk-takers’ who like the associated adrenaline rush that comes with it

In 2017, YouGov asked Brits which toppings they like on their pizza. Mushroom was cited by 65 per cent of respondents, more than any other item

When polled, 65 per cent of over 3,600 British adults said mushroom would be on their ideal pizza, followed by 62 per cent for onions and 61 per cent for ham.

Less important elements were peppers (named by 60 per cent), pepperoni (56 per cent), chicken (56 per cent), tomatoes (51 per cent), bacon (49 per cent), pineapple (42 per cent) and sweetcorn (42 per cent). 

Sweetcorn, Dr Hirsch told the Daily Mail, is not a popular option on pizza in the US, not to mention in Chicago, where the ‘deep dish’ is traditionally served. 

Controversially, YouGov’s research also found 53 per cent of respondents like pineapple on their pizza, 41 per cent do not, and 6 per cent don’t know. 

It was back in 2017 that the President of Iceland sparked a global debate when it emerged that he wanted to ban pineapple as a topping on pizza.

Guðni Thorlacius Jóhannesson was later forced to clarify that a pineapple topping ban was merely a personal desire and not a policy objective. 

Pizza study reveals we cope surprisingly well with a one-off calorie indulgence 

Whenever we dine on pizza, it’s always tempting to eat more than we really need. 

In fact, restaurant chains like Pizza Hut have drawn in punters with promises of all-you-can-eat buffets.

While overeating can trigger guilt, a study by University of Bath experts revealed our metabolism is surprisingly good at coping with over-indulgence when it comes to pizza.

The 2020 study involved adult male participants eating pizza well after feeling ‘full’ in order to test what immediate effects this had on the body. 

Researchers found that the young, healthy men (aged 22-37) who volunteered consumed almost twice as much pizza when pushing beyond their usual limits, doubling their calorie intake, yet, remarkably, managed to keep the amount of nutrients in the bloodstream within normal range.

This, say the researchers, shows that if an otherwise healthy person overindulges occasionally there are no immediate, negative consequences in terms of losing metabolic control.  

However, the experts caution of the risks of prolonged over-eating. 

Lead researcher Aaron Hengist said: ‘We all know the long-term risks of over-indulgence with food when it comes to obesity, type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease, but we know much less about some of the immediate effects ‘all you can eat’ places on the body. 

‘Our findings show that the body actually copes remarkably well when faced with a massive and sudden calorie excess. Healthy humans can eat twice as much as ‘full’ and deal effectively with this huge initial energy surplus.’ 

Exit mobile version